Class 10 Science · Chapter 5
Short answer:
Is chapter me NCERT ke 21 in-text questions (5 page-wise sets) aur 13 exercise questions — total 34 questions — sabke solutions diye gaye hain. Chapter ka core: jo processes ek organism ko zinda rakhti hain unhe life processes kehte hain — nutrition (autotrophic aur heterotrophic, photosynthesis, human digestive system), respiration (aerobic vs anaerobic, glucose breakdown ke teen raaste, human respiratory system aur alveoli), transportation (heart, blood vessels, double circulation, lymph, aur plants me xylem-phloem), aur excretion (kidney, nephron, dialysis, aur plants ke waste nikalne ke tarike). Ye Biology ka sabse diagram-heavy aur sabse zyada poocha jaane wala chapter hai.
Life processes wo saare kaam hain jo ek organism ko har waqt karne padte hain — chahe wo kuch bhi na kar raha ho — sirf zinda rehne ke liye. Hamare body ki cells lagatar tootti-banti rehti hain, isliye unhe repair aur maintenance ke liye energy chahiye, aur ye energy bahar se aaye raw materials (food, oxygen, water) se aati hai. Chhote organisms diffusion se kaam chala lete hain, par bade organisms me har cell tak oxygen aur food pahunchane ke liye alag-alag specialised organ systems chahiye — yahi is chapter ki poori kahani hai.
Chapter 5 Summary — 5 Minute Revision
1. Life Processes kya hain?
Jo processes milkar ek organism ka maintenance karti hain, unhe life processes kehte hain. Ye tab bhi chalti rehti hain jab organism koi visible movement na kar raha ho (jaise sote waqt, ya ek ped khada hua).
- Nutrition — bahar se energy source (food) lena aur usse energy nikalna.
- Respiration — food ko oxidise karke energy (ATP) release karna.
- Transportation — food, oxygen aur waste ko body ke ek hisse se doosre tak le jaana.
- Excretion — chemical reactions se bane harmful waste ko body se bahar nikalna.
Zaroori point: Movement dikhna zinda hone ka pakka proof nahi hai. Ek ped move nahi karta par zinda hai. Isliye scientists molecular level ki movement (cells ke andar ho rahi activity) ko life ka criterion maante hain.
2. Diffusion kaafi kyun nahi?
Ek-cell wale organisms (Amoeba, Paramecium) ka poora body surface environment ke contact me hota hai, isliye gas exchange aur food intake simple diffusion se ho jata hai. Multicellular organisms me bahut saari cells andar hoti hain jo bahar ke contact me nahi hoti, aur diffusion bahut slow hai — human ke lungs se paer ke cell tak oxygen diffusion se pahunchne me saalon lag jayenge. Isliye specialised tissues (blood, xylem, phloem) aur pumping organ (heart) chahiye.
3. Nutrition
Do modes
- Autotrophic — apna khana khud banate hain simple inorganic materials (CO2, H2O) se, sunlight aur chlorophyll ki madad se. Jaise green plants, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).
- Heterotrophic — doosre organisms se ready-made organic food lete hain. Jaise animals, fungi. Iske teen sub-types:
- Saprophytic — mare hue/decaying matter se (fungi, yeast, mushroom, bread mould)
- Parasitic — zinda host se, host ko nuksaan pahunchakar (Cuscuta/amarbel, ticks, lice, leech, tapeworm)
- Holozoic — poora food particle andar lekar phir digest karna (Amoeba, human)
Photosynthesis
Wo process jisme autotrophs sunlight aur chlorophyll use karke CO2 aur H2O se carbohydrate banate hain:
6CO2 + 6H2O sunlight, chlorophyll→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
Teen events (zaroori nahi ki ek saath ho):
- Chlorophyll dwara light energy absorb karna
- Light energy ko chemical energy me convert karna aur paani ke molecules ko hydrogen + oxygen me todna (photolysis)
- Carbon dioxide ka reduction hokar carbohydrate ban-na
Raw materials aur unke source: CO2 — hawa se, stomata ke through (aquatic plants paani me ghuli CO2 lete hain). Paani + minerals (N, P, Fe, Mg) — mitti se, root hairs ke through. Sunlight aur chlorophyll — energy aur absorption ke liye.
Stomata: Patton ki surface pe chhote pores. Gas exchange aur transpiration ka rasta. Guard cells paani lekar phoolti hain to pore khulta hai; paani nikal jaane pe sikudkar pore band ho jata hai. Bahut paani transpiration me udta hai, isliye jab CO2 ki zaroorat nahi hoti tab stomata band rehte hain.
Human Digestive System — mooh se anus tak
- Mouth — Teeth chewing karke food ka surface area badhate hain. Salivary glands se saliva aata hai jisme salivary amylase (ptyalin) hota hai — starch ko todkar maltose/sugar banata hai. Saliva food ko gila aur chikna bhi karta hai taaki nigalna aasan ho.
- Oesophagus (food pipe) — peristaltic movements (deewaron ka rhythmic sikudna) food ko aage dhakelti hain. Ye movement poori alimentary canal me hoti hai.
- Stomach — Gastric glands se nikalta hai: HCl (acidic medium banata hai jisme pepsin kaam karta hai + bacteria maarta hai), pepsin (protein-digesting enzyme), aur mucus (stomach ki apni lining ko acid se bachata hai). Sphincter muscle thoda-thoda karke food small intestine me chhodti hai.
- Small intestine — Digestion ka sabse bada hissa. Yahan aata hai:
- Bile (liver se, gall bladder me store) — acidic food ko alkaline banata hai aur fats ka emulsification karta hai (badi fat globules ko chhoti bundon me todna). Bile me enzyme nahi hota.
- Pancreatic juice (pancreas se) — trypsin (protein), lipase (emulsified fat)
- Intestinal juice — bacha hua digestion poora karta hai: carbohydrate → glucose, protein → amino acid, fat → fatty acid + glycerol
- Large intestine — bacha hua paani absorb karti hai; waste anus se bahar (egestion), anal sphincter dwara control.
Amoeba me nutrition: Pseudopodia se food particle ko gherkar food vacuole banata hai → usme enzymes se digestion → absorption → bacha hua waste surface se bahar. Paramecium cilia se food ko ek fixed mouth-jaise spot tak le jaata hai.
4. Respiration
Food (glucose) ko todkar energy release karna. Pehla step sab cells me same hota hai — cytoplasm me glucose (6-carbon) toot kar pyruvate (3-carbon) banta hai. Uske baad teen raaste:
Glucose (6C) → Pyruvate (3C) + energy [cytoplasm]
Pyruvate oxygen ki gair-maujoodgi, yeast→ Ethanol + CO2 + energy
Pyruvate oxygen ki kami, muscle cells→ Lactic acid (3C) + energy
Pyruvate + O2 mitochondria→ CO2 + H2O + bahut zyada energy
- Aerobic respiration — oxygen ke saath, mitochondria me, products CO2 + H2O, energy bahut zyada.
- Anaerobic respiration — bina oxygen, cytoplasm me, products ethanol + CO2 (yeast) ya lactic acid (muscle), energy kam.
- Muscle cramps: Tez daudte waqt muscles ko oxygen kam padta hai, lactic acid jam jaata hai, aur dard hota hai.
- Release hui energy se ATP banti hai — cell ki "energy currency". ATP tootne pe energy milti hai jo muscle contraction, protein synthesis, nerve impulse jaise kaamon me lagti hai.
Human Respiratory System
Nostrils → nasal passage (hair aur mucus dhool rokte hain) → pharynx → larynx → trachea (cartilage rings ise collapse hone se bachate hain) → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.
- Alveoli — balloon-jaisi thaili, deewar ek-cell moti, chaaron taraf blood capillaries ka jaal. Doston alveoli ka total surface area lagbhag 80 m2 ho jaata hai — ek tennis court jitna! Isi wajah se gas exchange itni tezi se hota hai.
- Saans lete waqt ribs upar-bahar aur diaphragm neeche jaata hai → chest cavity bada → hawa andar. Ulta hone pe hawa bahar.
- Hum poori hawa nahi nikaal pate — alveoli me hamesha kuch hawa reh jaati hai taaki oxygen absorb hone aur CO2 release hone ka time mile.
Terrestrial vs aquatic: Hawa me oxygen ~21% hota hai, jabki paani me ghuli oxygen bahut kam. Isliye machhli ko zyada tezi se saans lena padta hai (gills se paani lagatar bahana padta hai), jabki land animals aaram se kam breathing rate pe kaam chala lete hain.
5. Transportation
Human — Blood, Heart, Vessels, Lymph
- Blood — fluid connective tissue. Plasma (food, CO2, nitrogenous waste ghulit roop me), RBC (haemoglobin — oxygen carry karta hai), WBC (immunity), platelets (clotting).
- Heart — 4 chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. Valves blood ko peeche jaane se rokte hain. Ventricles ki deewar atria se moti hoti hai kyunki unhe blood door tak pump karna hota hai; left ventricle ki deewar sabse moti (poore body me bhejna hai).
- Arteries — heart se blood le jaati hain, deewar moti aur elastic (high pressure), valves nahi. Veins — heart ki taraf blood laati hain, deewar patli, valves hote hain taaki blood ulta na behe. Capillaries — ek-cell moti deewar, yahin material exchange hota hai.
- Double circulation — ek complete chakkar me blood do baar heart se guzarta hai:
- Pulmonary circulation: right ventricle → lungs → left atrium (deoxygenated blood ko oxygen milti hai)
- Systemic circulation: left ventricle → poora body → right atrium
- Lymph — capillaries se leak hokar nikla rangheen fluid (plasma jaisa par protein kam, RBC nahi). Extra tissue fluid wapas blood me laata hai aur small intestine se digested fat carry karta hai.
Plants — Xylem aur Phloem
- Xylem — paani aur ghule minerals ko jad se patton tak le jata hai, sirf ek direction (upar). Ye ek continuous pipe-jaisa network hai. Do forces: raat ko root pressure (ion actively root me aate hain, osmosis se paani khinchta hai) aur din me transpiration pull (patton se paani vaashp banke udta hai to neeche se paani khinchta hai) — lambe pedon me transpiration pull hi main force hai. ATP directly kharch nahi hoti — ye largely physical force hai.
- Phloem — patton me bane food (sucrose) aur amino acids ko plant ke har hisse tak, dono direction me le jata hai (growing parts, storage organs, phal). Ise translocation kehte hain. Ye ATP kharch karke hota hai: sucrose sieve tube me daalne se osmotic pressure badhta hai, paani andar aata hai, aur pressure banta hai jo food ko aage dhakelta hai.
Transpiration ke fayde: paani-mineral ka upward transport, aur plant ko thanda rakhna (temperature regulation).
6. Excretion
Human Excretory System
Do kidneys → do ureters → urinary bladder → urethra.
Nephron — kidney ki basic filtration unit (har kidney me lakhon).
- Glomerulus — capillaries ka gucchha, yahan high pressure pe blood filter hota hai.
- Bowman's capsule — cup-jaisa hissa jo filtrate collect karta hai.
- Tubule — yahan selective reabsorption hoti hai: glucose, amino acids, zyadatar paani aur kuch salts wapas blood me chale jaate hain. Bacha hua urea + extra paani + salts = urine.
- Urine collecting duct se hokar ureter me jaata hai. Bladder ~muscular hai, bharne pe pressure mehsoos hota hai aur urination hota hai.
Urine ki matra kis se tay hoti hai? Body me kitna extra paani nikalna hai, aur kitne ghule hue waste (jaise urea) nikalne hain. Garmi me pasina zyada aata hai to urine kam aur gaadha; paani zyada peene pe urine zyada aur patla.
Dialysis: Kidney fail hone pe artificial kidney machine blood se nitrogenous waste hata deti hai. Machine me selectively permeable tubes hoti hain jo dialysing fluid me dooba hoti hain (isme glucose aur salts blood jitne hi hote hain, isliye wo waapas nahi jaate) — sirf waste diffuse hokar bahar aata hai. Isme reabsorption nahi hoti.
Plants me Excretion
- Oxygen aur CO2 — stomata aur lenticels se diffusion dwara
- Extra paani — transpiration dwara
- Waste products cell vacuoles me store, ya resins aur gums ke roop me purani xylem me jama
- Kuch waste patton me jama hokar patta girne (leaf fall) ke saath nikal jaata hai; kuch aas-paas ki mitti me chhod diya jaata hai
In-Text Questions — Solutions
Q1. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans?
Multicellular organisms me body ka size bada hota hai aur bahut saari cells andar (deep inside) hoti hain jo bahar ki hawa ke seedhe contact me nahi aati. Diffusion ek bahut slow process hai — wo sirf chhote distance pe hi effective hai.
Agar humans sirf diffusion pe depend karte to lungs se paer ki cells tak oxygen pahunchne me bahut lamba time lagta, aur tab tak cells mar jaati. Isliye humans me ek transport system (blood + heart + blood vessels) hota hai jo haemoglobin ki madad se oxygen ko har cell tak tezi se pahunchata hai.
Q2. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
Aam taur pe hum movement dekhkar decide karte hain — chalna, bolna, saans lena, growth. Par ye criterion adhoora hai: ek ped hilta nahi phir bhi zinda hai, aur ek sota hua insaan bhi zinda hai.
Isliye asli criterion hai molecular level pe hoti movement — yaani cells ke andar lagatar chal rahi chemical activities. Zinda organisms me structures (tissues, cells, molecules) tootte rehte hain aur unki repair aur maintenance ke liye lagatar energy kharch hoti rehti hai. Yahi life processes ka chalte rehna hi zinda hone ka pakka proof hai.
Q3. What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?
Organism ko bahar se ye raw materials chahiye:
- Food (nutrients) — energy ke liye aur naye cells/tissues banane aur repair karne ke liye
- Oxygen — food ko oxidise karke energy release karne ke liye (respiration)
- Water — body ki chemical reactions ka medium, transport aur temperature regulation
Plants ke liye raw materials hain CO2, paani, aur mitti se minerals.
Q4. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
Ye chaar life processes essential hain:
- Nutrition — energy aur material ka source lena
- Respiration — food se energy release karna
- Transportation — food, oxygen aur waste ko body ke har hisse tak pahunchana
- Excretion — harmful waste products ko body se bahar nikalna
Q5. What are the differences between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
| Autotrophic | Heterotrophic |
|---|---|
| Apna food khud banate hain | Doosron ke banaye food pe depend karte hain |
| Simple inorganic materials (CO2, H2O) se | Ready-made organic food se |
| Chlorophyll zaroori hai | Chlorophyll nahi hota |
| Sunlight energy source hai | Sunlight ki direct zaroorat nahi |
| Udaharan: green plants, cyanobacteria | Udaharan: animals, fungi |
↔ Table ko side me swipe karein
Q6. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
- Carbon dioxide — hawa se, patton ke stomata ke through (aquatic plants paani me ghuli CO2 lete hain)
- Water — mitti se, jad ke root hairs dwara, phir xylem se patton tak
- Minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, magnesium) — mitti se ions ke roop me, jad dwara
- Sunlight — suraj se, energy ke liye
- Chlorophyll — patton ke chloroplast me maujood, jo light absorb karta hai
Q7. What is the role of the acid in our stomach?
Stomach ki gastric glands hydrochloric acid (HCl) banati hain. Iske do main kaam hain:
- Ye stomach me acidic medium banata hai, jo protein-digesting enzyme pepsin ke kaam karne ke liye zaroori hai (pepsin acidic pH me hi active hota hai)
- Ye khane ke saath aaye bacteria aur germs ko maar deta hai
Stomach ki apni lining ko is acid se bachane ke liye mucus nikalta hai.
Q8. What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Digestive enzymes biological catalysts hain jo bade, complex, insoluble food molecules ko todkar chhote, simple, soluble molecules bana dete hain — taaki wo intestine ki deewar se absorb hokar blood me ja sakein.
- Carbohydrate (starch) → glucose (amylase)
- Protein → amino acids (pepsin, trypsin)
- Fat → fatty acids + glycerol (lipase)
Q9. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
Small intestine me absorption ke liye ye adaptations hain:
- Iski andar ki deewar pe hazaaron chhoti ungli-jaisi villi hoti hain, jo absorption ka surface area bahut badha deti hain
- Har villus me blood vessels ka ghana jaal hota hai jo absorbed food ko turant body ki har cell tak pahuncha deta hai
- Villi ki deewar bahut patli hoti hai, isliye food aasani se paar ho jata hai
- Small intestine kaafi lamba hota hai, jisse food ko absorb hone ka poora time milta hai
Q10. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Terrestrial organisms hawa se oxygen lete hain, jisme oxygen ki matra lagbhag 21% hoti hai. Paani me ghuli hui oxygen bahut kam hoti hai (hawa ke muqable bahut hi kam).
Isliye aquatic organisms (jaise machhli) ko utni hi oxygen lene ke liye bahut tez rate se saans lena padta hai aur gills se lagatar paani bahana padta hai. Terrestrial organisms kam breathing rate pe hi apni zaroorat poori kar lete hain — yahi unka advantage hai.
Q11. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms?
Pehla step sab jagah same hai — cytoplasm me glucose (6-carbon) toot kar pyruvate (3-carbon) banta hai. Uske baad teen raaste hain:
Glucose (6C) → Pyruvate (3C) + energy [cytoplasm]
Pyruvate bina oxygen, yeast→ Ethanol + CO2 + energy
Pyruvate oxygen ki kami, muscle cells→ Lactic acid + energy
Pyruvate + O2 mitochondria→ CO2 + H2O + bahut zyada energy
- Anaerobic (yeast me — fermentation): ethanol aur CO2 bante hain, energy kam
- Anaerobic (hamari muscle cells me): lactic acid banta hai jab oxygen kam padti hai — isse cramps hote hain
- Aerobic (mitochondria me): CO2 aur paani bante hain, energy sabse zyada
Q12. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
Oxygen: Alveoli me hawa se oxygen blood me diffuse hoti hai aur RBC me maujood haemoglobin se judkar oxyhaemoglobin banati hai. Blood ise poore body ki cells tak le jaata hai, jahan haemoglobin oxygen chhod deta hai. Haemoglobin ki oxygen ke liye affinity zyada hoti hai, isliye ye efficient carrier hai.
Carbon dioxide: CO2 paani me haemoglobin ke muqable zyada ghulnsheel hai, isliye ise carry karne ke liye special carrier ki zaroorat nahi. Ye zyadatar plasma me ghuli hui halat me tissues se lungs tak jaati hai aur wahan alveoli se bahar chhod di jaati hai.
Q13. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases?
Lungs me trachea bronchi me, phir bronchioles me, aur ant me chhoti balloon-jaisi thailiyon — alveoli — me bat jaati hai.
- Dono lungs milakar alveoli ka total surface area lagbhag 80 square metre ho jaata hai — ek tennis court jitna
- Har alveolus ki deewar ek cell jitni patli hoti hai
- Alveoli ke chaaron taraf blood capillaries ka ghana jaal hota hai
Itne bade surface area aur patli deewar ki wajah se gas exchange bahut tezi se ho pata hai.
Q14. What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these components?
- Heart — muscular pumping organ; blood ko poore body me pump karta hai
- Blood vessels — arteries heart se blood le jaati hain, veins heart tak wapas laati hain, capillaries me material exchange hota hai
- Blood — fluid connective tissue; oxygen (haemoglobin dwara), digested food, hormones, CO2 aur nitrogenous waste carry karta hai; WBC infection se bachate hain, platelets clotting karte hain
- Lymph — tissue se leak hua fluid wapas blood me laata hai aur small intestine se digested fat carry karta hai; infection se bhi ladta hai
Q15. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Mammals aur birds warm-blooded hain — unhe apna body temperature constant rakhna padta hai, aur iske liye bahut zyada energy chahiye hoti hai.
Itni energy tabhi mil sakti hai jab body ki cells tak poori tarah oxygenated blood pahunche. Agar oxygenated aur deoxygenated blood mix ho jaayein to blood me oxygen ki matra ghat jaayegi aur energy production kam ho jayegi. Isliye inka heart chaar chambers ka hota hai aur double circulation hoti hai, jisse dono tarah ka blood bilkul alag rehta hai.
Q16. What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?
Plants me do conducting tissues hote hain, dono vascular tissue kehlate hain:
- Xylem — jad se li gayi paani aur ghule minerals ko patton aur upar ke hisson tak le jaata hai (sirf ek direction — upar ki taraf)
- Phloem — patton me bane food (sucrose) aur amino acids ko plant ke baaki hisson tak le jaata hai (dono directions me) — ise translocation kehte hain
Q17. How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Paani aur minerals xylem se transport hote hain.
- Jad ke root hair mitti se ions ko actively lete hain. Isse root aur mitti ke beech concentration difference banta hai aur osmosis se paani root me ghusta hai — isse root pressure banta hai jo paani ko thoda upar dhakelta hai (khaas kar raat me).
- Din me patton ke stomata se paani vaashp banke udta hai (transpiration), jisse xylem me ek suction/transpiration pull banta hai jo xylem ke column me paani ko lagatar upar khinchta rehta hai.
Lambe pedon me transpiration pull hi main driving force hai.
Q18. How is food transported in plants?
Food ka transport phloem ke through hota hai; is process ko translocation kehte hain. Phloem sucrose aur amino acids ko patton se growing parts, jad, phal aur storage organs tak le jaata hai.
Xylem ke ulta, translocation me energy (ATP) kharch hoti hai. Sucrose ko ATP use karke phloem ke sieve tubes me daala jaata hai. Isse phloem me osmotic pressure badh jaata hai aur aas-paas ke tissue se paani andar aa jaata hai. Ye badha hua pressure material ko kam pressure wale hisson ki taraf dhakel deta hai. Isi wajah se phloem dono directions me — upar aur neeche — food bhej sakta hai, plant ki zaroorat ke hisaab se.
Q19. Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.
Nephron kidney ki basic filtration unit hai; har kidney me aise lakhon nephron hote hain.
Structure:
- Glomerulus — blood capillaries ka ek gucchha, jise renal artery ki branch se blood milta hai
- Bowman's capsule — cup ke aakar ki thaili jo glomerulus ko gherti hai
- Tubule — Bowman's capsule se nikalti lambi nali, jiske chaaron taraf capillaries lipti hoti hain; ye aage collecting duct me kholti hai
Functioning:
- Glomerulus me high pressure pe filtration hota hai — paani, glucose, amino acids, salts aur urea filter hokar Bowman's capsule me aa jaate hain (blood cells aur bade protein nahi jaate)
- Tubule me selective reabsorption hoti hai — glucose, amino acids, zyadatar paani aur zaroori salts wapas blood me le liye jaate hain
- Bacha hua urea, extra paani aur salts = urine, jo collecting duct se ureter me, phir bladder me jaata hai aur urethra se bahar nikal jaata hai
Q20. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Plants me kidney jaisa koi special excretory organ nahi hota. Wo ye tarike apnate hain:
- Oxygen aur CO2 jaisi gases stomata aur lenticels se diffusion dwara bahar
- Extra paani transpiration dwara bahar
- Kai waste products cell ki vacuoles me store kar liye jaate hain
- Kuch waste resins aur gums ke roop me purani, kaam na aane wali xylem me jama ho jaate hain
- Kuch waste patton me jama hote hain aur patta girne (leaf fall) ke saath nikal jaate hain
- Kuch waste aas-paas ki mitti me chhod diye jaate hain
Q21. How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
Urine ki matra mainly do cheezon pe depend karti hai:
- Body me kitna extra paani nikalna hai — zyada paani peene pe ya thandi me pasina kam aane pe urine zyada aur patla banta hai; garmi me pasina zyada aane pe urine kam aur gaadha banta hai
- Kitne ghule hue waste (jaise urea) nikalne hain — jitna zyada nitrogenous waste, utna zyada paani uske saath nikalna padta hai
Ye control nephron ke tubule me hone wali selective reabsorption se hota hai — body zaroorat ke hisaab se tay karti hai ki kitna paani wapas blood me lena hai.
Poore Class 10 Science ke handwritten colour notes
IITian & district toppers ke banaye short notes — revision-ready, diagram ke saath. Board se pehle poora syllabus 3 din me revise.
Exercise Questions — Solutions (Q1–Q13)
Q1. The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for — (a) nutrition (b) respiration (c) excretion (d) transportation
(c) excretion
Kidneys blood se nitrogenous waste (urea) chhaan kar urine banati hain, isliye ye excretory system ka hissa hain.
Q2. The xylem in plants are responsible for — (a) transport of water (b) transport of food (c) transport of amino acids (d) transport of oxygen
(a) transport of water
Xylem paani aur ghule minerals ko jad se patton tak le jaata hai. Food aur amino acids phloem se jaate hain.
Q3. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires — (a) carbon dioxide and water (b) chlorophyll (c) sunlight (d) all of the above
(d) all of the above
Photosynthesis ke liye CO2, paani, chlorophyll aur sunlight — chaaron zaroori hain.
Q4. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in — (a) cytoplasm (b) mitochondria (c) chloroplast (d) nucleus
(b) mitochondria
Glucose se pyruvate cytoplasm me banta hai, par pyruvate ka oxygen ke saath CO2 aur paani me toot-na (aerobic respiration) mitochondria me hota hai — isiliye mitochondria ko cell ka 'powerhouse' kehte hain.
Q5. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
Fats ka digestion small intestine me hota hai, do steps me:
- Emulsification: Liver se aaya bile juice badi fat globules ko todkar chhoti-chhoti bundon me badal deta hai. Isse fat ka surface area badh jaata hai taaki enzyme aasani se kaam kar sake. (Bile me enzyme nahi hota, ye sirf physical kaam karta hai aur medium ko alkaline banata hai.)
- Enzyme action: Pancreas se aaya lipase emulsified fats ko todkar fatty acids aur glycerol bana deta hai.
Ye simple products villi dwara absorb ho jaate hain.
Q6. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
Saliva salivary glands se mooh me aata hai. Iske kaam:
- Isme enzyme salivary amylase (ptyalin) hota hai jo starch ko todkar simple sugar (maltose) bana deta hai — yaani carbohydrate ka digestion mooh se hi shuru ho jaata hai
- Ye food ko gila aur chikna kar deta hai, jisse chabana aur nigalna aasan ho jaata hai
- Ye mooh me ek halka alkaline medium banata hai jisme amylase theek se kaam karta hai
Q7. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its by-products?
Zaroori conditions:
- Carbon dioxide (hawa se, stomata dwara)
- Water (mitti se, jad dwara)
- Chlorophyll (light absorb karne ke liye)
- Sunlight (energy source)
6CO2 + 6H2O sunlight, chlorophyll→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
By-products: Oxygen (jo hawa me release hoti hai). Bana hua carbohydrate zaroorat se zyada ho to starch ke roop me store kiya jaata hai. Paani bhi ek by-product ke roop me nikal sakta hai.
Q8. What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
| Aerobic respiration | Anaerobic respiration |
|---|---|
| Oxygen ki maujoodgi me hoti hai | Oxygen ke bina hoti hai |
| Mitochondria me (pehla step cytoplasm me) | Sirf cytoplasm me |
| Glucose poori tarah toot-ta hai | Glucose adhura toot-ta hai |
| Products: CO2 + H2O | Products: ethanol + CO2 (yeast) ya lactic acid (muscle) |
| Energy bahut zyada milti hai | Energy bahut kam milti hai |
↔ Table ko side me swipe karein
Anaerobic respiration karne wale organisms: yeast, aur kuch bacteria (jaise Clostridium ya lactic acid bacteria). Hamari muscle cells bhi bhaari exercise ke waqt, jab oxygen kam padti hai, thodi der ke liye anaerobically respire karti hain aur lactic acid banati hain — isse cramps hote hain.
Q9. How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
- Alveoli balloon-jaisi hoti hain aur inki sankhya karodon me hoti hai — dono lungs milakar surface area lagbhag 80 m2 ho jaata hai
- Har alveolus ki deewar ek cell jitni patli hoti hai, isliye gases aasani se diffuse ho jaati hain
- Alveoli ke chaaron taraf blood capillaries ka ghana jaal hota hai, jisse exchange hui gases turant blood me chali jaati hain
- Alveoli ki surface nam (moist) hoti hai, jisse gases ghulkar diffuse ho sakein
Q10. What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?
Haemoglobin RBC me hota hai aur oxygen ka carrier hai. Iski kami hone pe:
- Blood ki oxygen carrying capacity ghat jaati hai
- Cells ko poori oxygen nahi milti, isliye aerobic respiration kam hoti hai aur energy production gir jaata hai
- Insaan ko thakan, kamzori, saans phoolna, chakkar aana aur chehra peela pad jaana jaise lakshan hote hain
Is condition ko anaemia kehte hain.
Q11. Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Double circulation ka matlab hai ki ek complete chakkar poora karne me blood do baar heart se guzarta hai. Iske do parts hain:
- Pulmonary circulation: Right atrium → right ventricle → lungs (yahan CO2 chhodkar oxygen leta hai) → left atrium
- Systemic circulation: Left atrium → left ventricle → aorta se poore body me → body se deoxygenated blood wapas right atrium me
Kyun zaroori hai: Isse oxygenated aur deoxygenated blood bilkul mix nahi hote, isliye body ki cells tak poori tarah oxygen-rich blood pahunchta hai. Humans warm-blooded hain — body temperature constant rakhne me bahut energy lagti hai, aur wo energy tabhi banegi jab oxygen supply efficient ho.
Q12. What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?
| Xylem | Phloem |
|---|---|
| Paani aur ghule minerals ka transport | Bana hua food (sucrose) aur amino acids ka transport |
| Jad se patton ki taraf — sirf ek direction (upar) | Dono directions — upar aur neeche, zaroorat ke hisaab se |
| ATP ki direct zaroorat nahi — root pressure aur transpiration pull (physical forces) | ATP energy kharch hoti hai (active process) |
| Dead conducting cells (vessels, tracheids) | Living conducting cells (sieve tubes + companion cells) |
↔ Table ko side me swipe karein
Q13. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning.
| Point | Alveoli (lungs) | Nephron (kidney) |
|---|---|---|
| System | Respiratory system | Excretory system |
| Structure | Balloon-jaisi thaili, deewar ek cell moti, chaaron taraf capillaries | Glomerulus (capillary gucchha) + Bowman's capsule + lambi tubule, chaaron taraf capillaries |
| Kaam | Gases ka exchange — oxygen andar, CO2 bahar | Blood se nitrogenous waste (urea) filter karna aur urine banana |
| Process | Diffusion (concentration difference se) | Filtration (pressure se) + selective reabsorption |
| Waste kahan jaata hai | CO2 saans ke saath bahar | Urea urine ke saath bahar |
↔ Table ko side me swipe karein
Samanta: Dono ki deewar bahut patli hoti hai, dono ke chaaron taraf blood capillaries ka ghana jaal hota hai, dono ki sankhya bahut zyada hoti hai — aur dono ka maqsad hai blood ko saaf/refresh karna.
Important Equations — Ek Nazar Me
| Process | Organ / Structure | Function | Yaad rakhne wali baat |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrition | Mouth (salivary glands) | Salivary amylase starch ko sugar me todta hai | Carbohydrate digestion yahin se shuru |
| Oesophagus | Peristalsis se food ko aage dhakelna | Yahan koi digestion nahi hoti | |
| Stomach | HCl + pepsin + mucus — protein digestion | HCl medium acidic banata hai; mucus lining bachata hai | |
| Liver (bile) | Fat ka emulsification + medium alkaline karna | Bile me koi enzyme nahi hota | |
| Pancreas | Trypsin (protein), lipase (fat) | Pancreatic juice small intestine me girta hai | |
| Small intestine (villi) | Digestion poora + absorption | Villi surface area badhati hain | |
| Large intestine | Paani ka absorption, waste ka egestion | Anal sphincter exit control karta hai | |
| Respiration | Trachea | Hawa ka rasta | Cartilage rings ise collapse hone se rokte hain |
| Alveoli | Gas exchange — O2 andar, CO2 bahar | Surface area ~80 m2, deewar 1 cell moti | |
| Diaphragm + ribs | Chest cavity ka size badla kar breathing | Diaphragm neeche = saans andar | |
| Mitochondria | Pyruvate ka aerobic oxidation, ATP banana | "Powerhouse of the cell" | |
| Transportation | Heart (4 chambers) | Blood ko pump karna | Left ventricle ki deewar sabse moti |
| Arteries | Heart se blood le jaana | Moti elastic deewar, valves nahi | |
| Veins | Heart tak blood laana | Patli deewar, valves hote hain | |
| Capillaries | Material ka exchange | Deewar sirf ek cell moti | |
| Xylem | Paani + minerals, jad se patton tak | Ek direction; transpiration pull main force | |
| Phloem | Food ka translocation | Dono direction; ATP kharch hoti hai | |
| Excretion | Glomerulus | High pressure pe blood ka filtration | Blood cells aur bade protein filter nahi hote |
| Bowman's capsule | Filtrate collect karna | Glomerulus ko gherne wala cup | |
| Tubule | Selective reabsorption (glucose, amino acid, paani) | Yahi urine ki matra tay karta hai | |
| Plant (stomata, vacuole, resin) | Gases, extra paani aur waste nikalna | Plants me alag excretory organ nahi hota |
↔ Table ko side me swipe karein
Common Mistakes — Yahan Marks Kat te Hain
- Xylem aur phloem ki direction ulti likh dena. Xylem = paani, sirf upar (jad se patton tak), physical force se. Phloem = food, dono directions me, ATP kharch karke. Trick: 'X' upar ki taraf tirchi lines — xylem sirf upar; 'Ph' = Phood, jahan chahiye wahan.
- Arteries aur veins ko oxygen se define kar dena. Definition direction se hoti hai, oxygen se nahi: arteries heart se le jaati hain, veins heart tak laati hain. Do exceptions yaad rakho — pulmonary artery me deoxygenated blood hota hai aur pulmonary vein me oxygenated. Valves sirf veins me hote hain.
- Anaerobic respiration ke products gadbad karna. Yeast me → ethanol + CO2 (fermentation). Hamari muscle cells me → lactic acid (CO2 nahi banti!). Aerobic me → CO2 + H2O. Exam me pooche jaane pe organism ka naam dekhkar answer likho.
- Bile ko enzyme keh dena. Bile juice me koi digestive enzyme nahi hota. Wo sirf do kaam karta hai — acidic food ko alkaline banana aur fat ka emulsification. Fat ko actually todta hai lipase, jo pancreas se aata hai.
- Glucose breakdown ka pehla step mitochondria me likh dena. Glucose → pyruvate hamesha cytoplasm me hota hai, sab organisms me. Sirf pyruvate ka aage aerobic breakdown (CO2 + H2O) mitochondria me hota hai. MCQ me ye sabse zyada galat hone wala point hai.
- Nephron ka filtration aur reabsorption ka order ulta likh dena. Pehle glomerulus me filtration (sab kuch nikal jaata hai — glucose, amino acid, salt, paani, urea), phir tubule me selective reabsorption (kaam ki cheezein wapas). Log aksar likh dete hain ki glucose filter hi nahi hota — glucose filter hota hai, baad me wapas le liya jaata hai.
Board-Style Important Questions
- 1 mark: Aerobic respiration ke antim products likhiye aur bataiye ye cell ke kis part me bante hain.
- 2 marks: Bile juice me koi enzyme nahi hota, phir bhi fat ke digestion ke liye ye zaroori hai — kyun? Do kaaran likhiye.
- 3 marks: Nephron ka namankit (labelled) diagram banaiye aur filtration tatha selective reabsorption ko samjhaiye.
- 3 marks: Xylem aur phloem me hone wale transport me koi teen antar likhiye. Kaunse me ATP kharch hoti hai aur kyun?
- 5 marks: (a) Human heart ka namankit diagram banakar double circulation samjhaiye. (b) Mammals aur birds me oxygenated aur deoxygenated blood ka alag rehna kyun zaroori hai?
Quick Quiz — Score Check Karein
Q1. Class 10 Science Ch 5 (Life Processes) — jo organism apna food khud CO2 aur H2O se sunlight-chlorophyll ki madad se banate hain, unhe kya kehte hain?
Q2. Stomach me HCl (hydrochloric acid) ka kya kaam hai?
Q3. Glucose (6-carbon) todkar pyruvate (3-carbon) banne ka pehla step sab organisms me kahan hota hai?
Q4. Muscle cells me tez exercise ke dauraan oxygen kam padne pe pyruvate kya banata hai?
Q5. Dono lungs ke alveoli ka total surface area lagbhag kitna hota hai?
Q6. Human heart me left ventricle ki deewar sabse moti kyun hoti hai?
Q7. Xylem aur phloem me se kaunsa transport ATP energy kharch karke hota hai, aur dono directions me hota hai?
Q8. Nephron ke Bowman's capsule me high pressure pe blood filter hone ke baad, tubule me kya hota hai jo urine ki final matra tay karta hai?
Q9. Bile juice ke baare me kaunsa statement sahi hai?
Q10. Terrestrial animals ke muqable aquatic organisms (jaise machhli) ko zyada tezi se saans lene ki zaroorat kyun padti hai?
Aksar Poochhe Jaane Wale Sawaal
Life processes kitne hain aur kaunse?
Chaar main life processes hain — nutrition, respiration, transportation aur excretion. Ye sab milkar organism ka maintenance karte hain. Kuch kitaabein control-coordination aur reproduction ko bhi jodti hain, par is chapter me ye chaar hi cover hote hain.
Photosynthesis ka equation kya hai?
6CO2 + 6H2O, sunlight aur chlorophyll ki maujoodgi me, C6H12O6 + 6O2 banata hai. Yaani carbon dioxide aur paani se glucose banta hai aur oxygen by-product ke roop me nikalti hai.
Tez daudne ke baad paer me cramps kyun aate hain?
Tez daudne me muscles ko itni oxygen nahi mil pati jitni chahiye. Tab wo anaerobic respiration karti hain aur pyruvate se lactic acid ban jaata hai. Yahi lactic acid muscles me jamkar dard aur cramps paida karta hai. Aaram karne aur maalish se blood flow badhta hai aur lactic acid hat jaata hai.
Bile me enzyme nahi hota to wo digestion me kaam kaise karta hai?
Bile do kaam karta hai. Ek, stomach se aaye acidic food ko alkaline bana deta hai taaki pancreatic enzymes kaam kar sakein. Do, wo fat ki badi bundon ko chhoti bundon me tod deta hai — ise emulsification kehte hain — jisse lipase enzyme ke liye surface area badh jaata hai.
Xylem aur phloem me sabse bada farak kya hai?
Xylem paani aur minerals ko sirf upar ki taraf le jaata hai aur ismein ATP directly kharch nahi hoti — transpiration pull kaam karta hai. Phloem food ko dono directions me le jaata hai aur iske liye ATP energy kharch hoti hai.
Dialysis kya hai aur ye kidney se kaise alag hai?
Kidney fail hone pe dialysis machine blood se urea aur doosre nitrogenous waste hata deti hai. Machine me selectively permeable tubes hoti hain jo dialysing fluid me doobi rehti hain; is fluid me glucose aur salts blood jitne hi rakhe jaate hain taaki wo bahar na jaayein. Sabse bada farak ye hai ki dialysis me selective reabsorption nahi hoti — ye sirf waste hata sakti hai, kidney ki tarah zaroori cheezein wapas nahi le sakti.
Class 10 Science — Saare Chapters
Board exam tak sirf revision karna hai?
Class 10 Science ke saare chapters ke colour handwritten short notes — diagrams, formulas aur important points ek jagah.
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