The Best Class 12 Chemistry + Biology + Physics Handwritten Notes

Types of Solutions, Concentration Terms, Solubility, Henry's Law, Raoult's Law, Ideal vs Non-Ideal Solutions, Colligative Properties, Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis, Van't Hoff Factor, Units Quick Reference.

Galvanic Cell (Daniell Cell), Electrode Potential and EMF, Nernst Equation, Gibbs Energy and Cell Potential, Conductance and Conductivity, Kohlrausch's Law, Electrolysis, Faraday's Laws, Batteries, Corrosion.

Rate of Reaction, Factors Affecting Rate, Rate Law and Rate Constant, Order vs Molecularity, Integrated Rate Equations, Pseudo First-Order Reaction, Arrhenius Equation, Activation Energy, Collision Theory, Maxwell-Boltzmann Curve.

Electronic Configuration, General Trends, Oxidation States, Characteristic Properties, Coloured Ions, Potassium Dichromate, Potassium Permanganate, Lanthanoids, Lanthanoid Contraction, Actinoids.

Werner's Theory, Important Terms, Types of Ligands, IUPAC Naming, Isomerism, Valence Bond Theory, Crystal Field Theory, Magnetic Moment, Stability of Complexes, Metal Carbonyls.

Methods of Preparation, Finkelstein Reaction, Nucleophilic Substitution, SN1 Mechanism, SN2 Mechanism, Elimination, Reaction with Metals, Stereochemistry, Haloarenes Low Reactivity, Uses and Environmental Effects.

Preparation of Alcohols, Grignard Reagent, Dehydration, Lucas Test, Oxidation, Esterification, Acidity of Phenol, Ferric Chloride Test, Williamson Synthesis, Methanol and Ethanol.

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones, Rosenmund Reduction, Nucleophilic Addition, Aldol Condensation, Cannizzaro Reaction, Tollens' Test, Fehling's Test, Iodoform Test, Acidity of Carboxylic Acids, HVZ Reaction.

Classification of Amines, Preparation of Amines, Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis, Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation, Basic Nature, Carbylamine Test, Hinsberg Test, Sandmeyer Reaction, Balz-Schiemann Reaction, Azo Coupling.

Carbohydrates, Glucose and Fructose, Reducing vs Non-reducing Sugars, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides, Amino Acids and Zwitter Ion, Peptide Bond, Protein Structure, Enzymes, Vitamins.

Stamen, Pistil, Structure of Pollen Grain, Megasporogenesis, Pollination, Chasmogamy and Cleistogamy, Artificial Hybridisation, Structure of Embryo, Endosperm Seeds and Fruits, Parthenocarpy.

Female Reproductive System, Mammary Glands, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Menstrual Cycle, Stages of Ovarian Follicle, Hormones of Pregnancy and Parturition, Foetal Development Timeline, Parturition and Lactation.

Condom, Vasectomy and Tubectomy, Intra Uterine Devices, Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Amniocentesis, Infertility, In vitro Fertilisation, ZIFT and GIFT, Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

Mendel's Experiments, Test Cross, Incomplete Dominance, Co-dominance and Multiple Alleles, Dihybrid Cross and Polygenic Inheritance, Linkage and Recombination, Sex Determination, Sex-linked and Mendelian Disorders, Chromosomal Disorders.

DNA Double Helix, Packaging of DNA, Hershey-Chase Experiment, DNA vs RNA, DNA Replication, Transcription, Types of RNA, Genetic Code, Translation, Human Genome Project.

Origin of Life Experiment, Evidences of Evolution, Theories of Evolution, Adaptive Radiation, Evolution of Plants, Stages of Human Evolution, Hardy-Weinberg Principle.

Health, Common Diseases, Innate Immunity, Acquired Immunity and Antibodies, Allergies, Autoimmune Diseases, AIDS, Cancer, Drugs and Alcohol, Vaccination.

Lipase and Enzymes from Microbes, Fermented Foods, Antibiotics, Sewage Treatment, Biogas, Biocontrol Agents, Biofertilisers, Cyclosporin.

Restriction Enzymes, Gel Electrophoresis and Blue-White Selection, Cloning Vectors, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Tools of rDNA Technology, Processes of rDNA Technology, Bioreactors.

Bt Cotton, Human Insulin, Gene Therapy, Transgenic Animals, Chemical Safety Testing, RNA Interference, Biopiracy, Golden Rice.

Population Attributes, Emigration and Immigration, Logistic Growth, Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase, Life History Traits, Predation, Competition, Population Interactions Examples.

Ecosystem Structure and Function, Productivity, Food Web, Pyramid of Numbers, Pyramid of Biomass, Steps of Decomposition, Energy Flow and Pyramids.

Biodiversity, How Many Species, Importance of Species Diversity, Species-Area Relationships, Loss of Biodiversity, The Evil Quartet, Why Conserve, In situ Conservation.

Electric Charge, Coulomb's Law, Forces between Multiple Charges, Electric Field Lines, Continuous Charge Distribution, Electric Dipole, Dipole in a Uniform External Field, Electric Flux, Gauss's Law, Applications of Gauss's Law.

Electrostatic Potential, Potential due to an Electric Dipole, Equipotential Surfaces, Potential Energy of a System of Charges, Potential Energy of a Dipole in a Uniform Field, Electrostatic Shielding, Dielectrics and Polarisation, Parallel Plate Capacitor, Combination of Capacitors, Energy Stored in a Capacitor.

Electric Current, Resistivity and Conductivity, V-I Characteristics, Temperature Dependence of Resistivity, Electrical Energy and Power, Combination of Resistors, EMF and Internal Resistance, Cells in Series and in Parallel, Kirchhoff's Rules, Wheatstone Bridge.

Oersted's Experiment, Force on a Moving Charge (Lorentz Force), Motion of a Charge in a Uniform Magnetic Field, Biot-Savart Law, Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop, Ampere's Circuital Law, Straight Solenoid, Force between Two Parallel Currents, Torque on a Current Loop, Moving Coil Galvanometer.

The Bar Magnet, Field due to a Bar Magnet, Bar Magnet in a Uniform Magnetic Field, Electrostatic vs Magnetic Dipole, Gauss's Law for Magnetism, Diamagnetic Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic Substances, Ferromagnetic Domains, Effect of Temperature, Soft Iron vs Steel.

Magnetic Flux, Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy, Motional EMF, Inductance, Mutual Inductance, Self Inductance, Self vs Mutual Induction, Mechanical Analogy of Inductance, Direction Rules Summary, Coupling.

Alternating Voltage and Current, RMS and Average Values, Reactance, Series LCR Circuit, Resonance, LC Oscillations, AC Generator, Transformer.

Displacement Current, Electromagnetic Waves, Ampere-Maxwell Law, Speed in a Medium, Energy and Momentum of EM Waves, Electromagnetic Spectrum.

Reflection by Spherical Mirrors, Total Internal Reflection, Refraction at a Spherical Surface, Power of a Lens, Combination of Thin Lenses, Refraction through a Prism, Simple Microscope, Compound Microscope, Astronomical Telescope.

Wavefront, Huygens' Principle, Refraction and Reflection using Huygens' Principle, Superposition and Interference, Coherent Sources, Young's Double Slit Experiment, Fringe Width, Diffraction at a Single Slit.

Electron Emission, Photoelectric Effect, Experimental Study Results, Einstein's Photoelectric Equation, Particle Nature of Light: The Photon, Wave Nature of Matter: de Broglie.

Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment, Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom, Radius of nth Orbit, Energy in nth Orbit, Line Spectra of Hydrogen.

Composition and Size of the Nucleus, Mass-Energy Relation and Mass Defect, Binding Energy, Nuclear Fission and Fusion.

Energy Bands in Solids, Intrinsic Semiconductors, Extrinsic Semiconductors (Doping), p-n Junction, Semiconductor Diode Biasing, Diode as a Rectifier.